Showing posts with label Essay. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Essay. Show all posts

Tuesday, September 1, 2020

Prescribed Essay Titles May 2021

Here are the essay titles as published by the IB for the May 2021 session.

Instructions to candidates
Your theory of knowledge essay for examination must be submitted to your teacher for authentication. It must be written on one of the six titles (questions) provided overleaf. You may choose any title, but are recommended to consult with your teacher. Your essay will be marked according to the assessment instrument published in the theory of knowledge guide. The focus of your essay should be on knowledge questions. Where appropriate, refer to other parts of your IB programme and to your experiences as a knower. Always justify your statements and provide relevant examples to illustrate your arguments. Pay attention to the implications of your arguments, and remember to consider what can be said against them. If you use external sources, cite them according to a recognized convention.

Note that statements in quotations in these titles are not necessarily authentic: they present a real point of view but may not be direct quotes. It is appropriate to analyse them but it is unnecessary, even unwise, to spend time on researching a context for them.

Examiners mark essays against the title as set.

Respond to the title exactly as given; do not alter it in any way. Your essay must have a maximum of 1600 words.

1. “Accepting knowledge claims always involves an element of trust.” Discuss this claim with reference to two areas of knowledge.

2. Within areas of knowledge, how can we differentiate between change and progress? Answer with reference to two areas of knowledge.

3. “Labels are a necessity in the organization of knowledge, but they also constrain our understanding.” Discuss this statement with reference to two areas of knowledge.

4. “Statistics conceal as much as they reveal.” Discuss this claim with reference to two areas
of knowledge.

5. “Areas of knowledge are most useful in combination with each other.” Discuss this claim with reference to two areas of knowledge.

6. “Avoiding bias seems a commendable goal, but this fails to recognize the positive role that bias can play in the pursuit of knowledge.” Discuss this statement with reference to two areas of knowledge.

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Prescribed Essay Titles May 2020

Here are the essay titles as published by the IB for the May 2020 session.

Instructions to candidates
Your theory of knowledge essay for examination must be submitted to your teacher for authentication. It must be written on one of the six titles (questions) provided overleaf. You may choose any title, but are recommended to consult with your teacher. Your essay will be marked according to the assessment instrument published in the theory of knowledge guide. The focus of your essay should be on knowledge questions. Where appropriate, refer to other parts of your IB programme and to your experiences as a knower. Always justify your statements and provide relevant examples to illustrate your arguments. Pay attention to the implications of your arguments, and remember to consider what can be said against them. If you use external sources, cite them according to a recognized convention.

Note that statements in quotations in these titles are not necessarily authentic: they present a real point of view but may not be direct quotes. It is appropriate to analyse them but it is unnecessary, even unwise, to spend time on researching a context for them.

Examiners mark essays against the title as set.

Respond to the title exactly as given; do not alter it in any way. Your essay must have a maximum of 1600 words.

1. “Others have seen what is and asked why. I have seen what could be and asked why not”
(Pablo Picasso). Explore this distinction with reference to two areas of knowledge

2. “There is a sharp line between describing something and offering an explanation of it.” To what extent do you agree with this claim?

3. Does it matter that your personal circumstances influence how seriously your knowledge is taken?

4. “The role of analogy is to aid understanding rather than to provide justification.” To what
extent do you agree with this statement?

5. “Given that every theory has its limitations, we need to retain a multiplicity of theories to understand the world.” Discuss this claim with reference to two areas of knowledge.

6. “Present knowledge is wholly dependent on past knowledge.” Discuss this claim with
reference to two areas of knowledge.

Monday, September 10, 2018

Prescribed Essay Titles May 2019

Here are the essay titles as published by the IB for the May 2019 session.

Instructions to candidates
Your theory of knowledge essay for examination must be submitted to your teacher for authentication. It must be written on one of the six titles (questions) provided overleaf. You may choose any title, but are recommended to consult with your teacher. Your essay will be marked according to the assessment instrument published in the theory of knowledge guide. The focus of your essay should be on knowledge questions. Where appropriate, refer to other parts of your IB programme and to your experiences as a knower. Always justify your statements and provide relevant examples to illustrate your arguments. Pay attention to the implications of your arguments, and remember to consider what can be said against them. If you use external sources, cite them according to a recognized convention.

Note that statements in quotations in these titles are not necessarily authentic: they present a real point of view but may not be direct quotes. It is appropriate to analyse them but it is unnecessary, even unwise, to spend time on researching a context for them.

Examiners mark essays against the title as set.

Respond to the title exactly as given; do not alter it in any way. Your essay must have a maximum of 1600 words.

1. “The quality of knowledge is best measured by how many people accept it.” Discuss this claim with reference to two areas of knowledge.

2. “The production of knowledge is always a collaborative task and never solely a product of the individual.” Discuss this statement with reference to two areas of knowledge.

3. Do good explanations have to be true?

4. “Disinterestedness is essential in the pursuit of knowledge.” Discuss this claim with reference to two areas of knowledge.

5. “The production of knowledge requires accepting conclusions that go beyond the evidence for them.” Discuss this claim.

6. “One way to assure the health of a discipline is to nurture contrasting perspectives.” Discuss this claim.

Monday, September 18, 2017

TOK essay criteria


Prescribed Essay Titles May 2018

Here are the essay titles as published by the IB for the May 2018 session.

Instructions to candidates
Your theory of knowledge essay for examination must be submitted to your teacher for authentication. It must be written on one of the six titles (questions) provided below. You may choose any title, but are recommended to consult with your teacher. Your essay will be marked according to the assessment criteria published in the Theory of Knowledge guide. The focus of your essays should be on knowledge questions (knowledge issues). Where appropriate, refer to other parts of your IB programme and to your experiences as a knower. Always justify your statements and provide relevant examples to illustrate your arguments. Pay attention to the implications of your arguments, and remember to consider what can be said against them. If you use external sources, cite them according to a recognized convention.

Note that statements in quotations in these titles are not necessarily authentic: they present a real point of view but may not be direct quotes. It is appropriate to analyse them but it is unnecessary, even unwise, to spend time on researching a context for them.

Examiners mark essays against the title as set. Respond to the title exactly as given, do not alter it in any way.

Your essay must have a maximum of 1600 words, it must be double spaced and typed in size 12 font. Remember to add your word count and references at the end of your essay.

1. “The fields of study of academic disciplines can overlap, but adopting interdisciplinary approaches to the production of knowledge leads only to confusion.” Discuss this claim.

2. “We know with confidence only when we know little; with knowledge doubt increases” (adapted from JW von Goethe). Discuss this statement with reference to two areas of knowledge.

3. “Without the assumption of the existence of uniformities there can be no knowledge.” Discuss this claim with reference to two areas of knowledge.

4. “Suspension of disbelief” is an essential feature of theatre. Is it essential in other areas of knowledge? Develop your answer with reference to two areas of knowledge.

5. “The quality of knowledge produced by an academic discipline is directly proportional to the duration of historical development of that discipline.” Explore this claim with reference to two disciplines.

6. “Robust knowledge requires both consensus and disagreement.” Discuss this claim with reference to two areas of knowledge.

Sunday, October 2, 2016

Prescribed Essay Titles May 2017

Here are the essay titles as published by the IB for the May 2017 session.

Instructions to candidates
Your theory of knowledge essay for examination must be submitted to your teacher for authentication. It must be written on one of the six titles (questions) provided below. You may choose any title, but are recommended to consult with your teacher. Your essay will be marked according to the assessment criteria published in the Theory of Knowledge guide. The focus of your essays should be on knowledge questions (knowledge issues). Where appropriate, refer to other parts of your IB programme and to your experiences as a knower. Always justify your statements and provide relevant examples to illustrate your arguments. Pay attention to the implications of your arguments, and remember to consider what can be said against them. If you use external sources, cite them according to a recognized convention.

Note that statements in quotations in these titles are not necessarily authentic: they present a real point of view but may not be direct quotes. It is appropriate to analyse them but it is unnecessary, even unwise, to spend time on researching a context for them.

Examiners mark essays against the title as set. Respond to the title exactly as given, do not alter it in any way.

Your essay must have a maximum of 1600 words, it must be double spaced and typed in size 12 font. Remember to add your word count and references at the end of your essay.
  1. “It is only knowledge produced with difficulty that we truly value.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? 

  2. “Facts are needed to establish theories but theories are needed to make sense of facts.” Discuss this statement with reference to two areas of knowledge. 

  3. Should key events in the historical development of areas of knowledge always be judged by the standards of their time?

  4. “In the production of knowledge, traditions of areas of knowledge offer correctives for ways of knowing.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? 

  5. Given access to the same facts, how is it possible that there can be disagreement between experts in a discipline? Develop your answer with reference to two areas of knowledge. 

  6. “Humans are pattern-seeking animals and we are adept at finding patterns whether they exist or not” (adapted from Michael Shermer). Discuss knowledge questions raised by this idea in two areas of knowledge.

Tuesday, October 6, 2015

Prescribed Essay Titles May 2016

Here are the essay titles as published by the IB for the May 2016 session.

Instructions to candidates
Your theory of knowledge essay for examination must be submitted to your teacher for
authentication. It must be written on one of the six titles (questions) provided below. You may
choose any title, but are recommended to consult with your teacher. Your essay will be marked
according to the assessment criteria published in the Theory of Knowledge guide. The focus
of your essays should be on knowledge questions (knowledge issues). Where appropriate, refer to other parts of your IB programme and to your experiences as a knower. Always justify your statements and provide relevant examples to illustrate your arguments. Pay attention to the implications of your arguments, and remember to consider what can be said against them. If you use external sources, cite them according to a recognized convention.

Note that statements in quotations in these titles are not necessarily authentic: they present a real point of view but may not be direct quotes. It is appropriate to analyse them but it is unnecessary, even unwise, to spend time on researching a context for them.

Examiners mark essays against the title as set. Respond to the title exactly as given, do not alter it in any way.

Your essay must have a maximum of 1600 words, it must be double spaced and typed in size
12 font. Remember to add your word count and references at the end of your essay.

  1. “In gaining knowledge, each area of knowledge uses a network of ways of knowing.” Discuss this statement with reference to two areas of Knowledge.

  2. “Knowledge within a discipline develops according to the principles of natural selection.” How useful is this metaphor?

  3. “The knower’s perspective is essential in the pursuit of knowledge.” To what extent do you agree?

  4. “Without application in the world, the value of knowledge is greatly diminished.” Consider this claim with respect to two areas of knowledge.

  5. To what extent do the concepts that we use shape the conclusions that we reach?

  6. “In knowledge there is always a trade-off between accuracy and simplicity.” Evaluate this statement in relation to two areas of knowledge.

Sunday, October 5, 2014

Prescribed Essay Titles May 2015

Here are the essay titles as published by the IB for the May 2015 session.

Instructions to candidates
Your theory of knowledge essay for examination must be submitted to your teacher for
authentication. It must be written on one of the six titles (questions) provided below. You may
choose any title, but are recommended to consult with your teacher. Your essay will be marked
according to the assessment criteria published in the Theory of Knowledge guide. The focus
of your essays should be on knowledge questions (knowledge issues). Where appropriate, refer to other parts of your IB programme and to your experiences as a knower. Always justify your statements and provide relevant examples to illustrate your arguments. Pay attention to the implications of your arguments, and remember to consider what can be said against them. If you use external sources, cite them according to a recognized convention.

Note that statements in quotations in these titles are not necessarily authentic: they present a real point of view but may not be direct quotes. It is appropriate to analyse them but it is unnecessary, even unwise, to spend time on researching a context for them.

Examiners mark essays against the title as set. Respond to the title exactly as given, do not alter it in any way.

Your essay must have a maximum of 1600 words, it must be double spaced and typed in size
12 font.

1. There is no such thing as a neutral question. Evaluate this statement with reference to two areas of knowledge.

2. “There are only two ways in which humankind can produce knowledge: through passive observation or through active experiment.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

3. “There is no reason why we cannot link facts and theories across disciplines and create a common groundwork of explanation.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

4. With reference to two areas of knowledge discuss the way in which shared knowledge can shape personal knowledge.

5. “Ways of knowing are a check on our instinctive judgments.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

6. “The whole point of knowledge is to produce both meaning and purpose in our personal lives.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Tuesday, September 10, 2013

Prescribed Essay Titles May 2014

The IB has just released the TOK essay titles for completion for the May 2014 session. I've reproduced them in English and Spanish below, together with the guidelines:

Your theory of knowledge essay for examination must be submitted to your teacher for authentication. It must be written on one of the six titles (questions) provided below. You may choose any title, but are recommended to consult with your teacher. Your essay will be marked according to the assessment criteria published in the Theory of Knowledge guide. The focus of your essays should be on knowledge issues. Where appropriate, refer to other parts of your IB programme and to your experiences as a knower. Always justify your statements and provide relevant examples to illustrate your arguments. Pay attention to the implications of your arguments, and remember to consider what can be said against them. If you use external sources, cite them according to a recognized convention. Note that statements in quotations in these titles are not necessarily authentic: they present a real point of view but may not be direct quotes. It is appropriate to analyse them but it is unnecessary, even unwise, to spend time on researching a context for them. 

Examiners mark essays against the title as set. Respond to the title exactly as given; do not alter it in any way.

Your essay must be between 1200 and 1600 words in length, double spaced and typed in
size 12 font.

1. Ethical judgements limit the methods available in the production of knowledge in both the arts and the natural sciences. Discuss.

2. “When the only tool you have is a hammer, all problems begin to resemble nails” (Abraham Maslow). How might this apply to ways of knowing, as tools, in the pursuit of knowledge?

3. “Knowledge is nothing more than the systematic organisation of facts.” Discuss this statement in relation to two areas of knowledge.

4. “That which is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow.” Consider knowledge issues raised by this statement in two areas of knowledge.

5. “The historian’s task is to understand the past; the human scientist, by contrast, is looking to change the future.” To what extent is this true in these areas of knowledge?

6. “A skeptic is one who is willing to question any knowledge claim, asking for clarity in definition, consistency in logic and adequacy of evidence” (adapted from Paul Kurtz, 1994). Evaluate this approach in two areas of knowledge.

And in Spanish:

1. Los juicios éticos limitan los métodos disponibles en la creación de conocimiento tanto en las artes como en las ciencias naturales. Discuta esta afirmación. 

2. “Si tu única herramienta es un martillo, tiendes a tratar cada problema como si fuera un clavo” (Abraham Maslow). ¿Cómo se puede aplicar esta afirmación a las formas de conocimiento, consideradas como herramientas, en la búsqueda de conocimiento? 

3. “El conocimiento no es más que la organización sistemática de los hechos”. Discuta esta afirmación en relación con dos áreas de conocimiento. 

4. “Aquello que hoy se acepta como conocimiento, mañana es a veces descartado”. Considere las cuestiones de conocimiento que esta afirmación puede generar en dos áreas de conocimiento. 

5. “La tarea del historiador es entender el pasado; el científico de las ciencias humanas, en contraste, busca cambiar el futuro”. ¿En qué medida es esto cierto en estas áreas de conocimiento? 

6. “Un escéptico es quien está inclinado a cuestionar cualquier afirmación de conocimiento, reclamando claridad en la definición, lógica consistente y pruebas pertinentes”. (adaptación de Paul Kurtz. The Skeptical Inquirer, 1994). Evalúe este enfoque con respecto a dos áreas de conocimiento. 

Friday, September 7, 2012

Prescribed Essay Titles May 2013

The IB has just released the TOK essay titles for completion for the May 2013 session. I've reproduced them in English and Spanish below, together with the guidelines:

Your theory of knowledge essay for examination must be submitted to your teacher for authentication. It must be written on one of the six titles (questions) provided below. You may chose any title but are recommended to consult with your teacher. Your essay will be marked according to the assessment criteria published in the Theory of Knowledge guide. The focus of your essay should be knowledge issues. Where appropriate, refer to other parts of your IB programme and to your experiences as a knower. Always justify your statements and provide relevant examples to illustrate your arguments. Pay attention to the implications of your arguments, and remember to consider what can be said against them. If you use external sources, cite them according to a recognized convention.

Note that statements in quotations in these titles are not necessarily authentic: they present a real point of view but may not be direct quotes. It is appropriate to analyse them but it is unnecessarily, even unwise, to spend time on researching a context for them.

Examiners mark against the title as set. Respond to the title exactly as given; do not alter it in any way.

Your essay must be between 1200 and 1600 words in length, double spaced and typed in size 12 font.

  1. In what way may disagreement aid the pursuit of knowledge in the natural and human sciences?

  2. "Only seeing general patterns can give us knowledge. Only seeing particular examples can give us understanding." To what extent do you agree with these assertions?

  3. "The possession of knowledge carries an ethical responsibility." Evaluate this claim.

  4. The traditional TOK diagram indicates four ways of knowing Propose the inclusion of a fifth way of knowing selected from intuition, memory or imagination, and explore the knowledge issues it may raise in two areas of knowledge.

  5. "That which can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence." (Christopher Hitchens). Do you agree?

  6. Can we know when to trust our emotions in the pursuit of knowledge? Consider history and one other area of knowledge.

  1. ¿De qué maneras las diferencias de opinión pueden ayudar en la búsqueda del conocimiento en las ciencias naturales y humanas?

  2. "Solo la observación de patrones generales nos puede dar conocimiento. Solo la observación de ejemplos específicos nos puede hacer comprender". ¿En qué medida está de acuerdo con estas afirmaciones?

  3. "La posesión de conocimiento conlleva una responsabilidad ética". Evalúe esta afirmación.

  4. El diagrama tradicional de Teoría del Conocimiento indica que hay cuatro formas de conocimiento. Proponga la incusión de una quinta forma (escoja entre intuición, memoria o imaginación) y explore las cuestiones de conocimiento que puedan surgir en dos áreas de conocimiento.

  5. "Lo que puede ser afirmado sin pruebas también puede ser descartado sin pruebas." (Christopher Hitchens). ¿Está de acuerdo?

  6. En la búsqueda del conocimiento, ¿podemos saber cuándo fiarnos de nuestras emociones? Considere la historia y otra área del conocimiento. 

Wednesday, June 20, 2012

The Harvard System

For your essay, it is vitally important to reference properly. This will help you to organise your essay properly and also avoid any accusations of plagerism. There are a few recognised styles you can use, but I would suggest the Harvard System. This is most commonly used in scientific writing. De Montfort University in the UK has produced the guide I have attached below to help you to reference correctly using the Harvard System: Harvard System

Wednesday, September 21, 2011

Coming up with a good knowledge issue

Here is some good advice about writing your knowledge issues. It's very important to read this and understand it, as knowledge issues have to form the central part of both the TOK presentation and essay: Understanding Knowledge Issues

Tuesday, March 15, 2011

Prescribed Essay Titles 2011-2012

Here are the TOK essay titles as published on the IB website. Your essay will be marked according to the assessment criteria. Remember to centre your essay on knowledge issues and, where appropriate, refer to other parts of your IB programme and to your experiences as a knower. Always justify your statements and provide relevant examples to illustrate your arguments. Pay attention to the implications of your arguments, and remember to consider what can be said against them. Include a word count and your list of references using the Harvard System.

Please see my other posts under "writing an essay" for help and advice. Examiners mark essays against the title as set, using the TOK essay criteria. Please make sure you are familiar with the criteria before starting your essay. Respond to the title exactly as given; do not alter it in any way. Your essay must be between 1200 and 1600 words in length. Remember also that your TOK presentation and essay must be submitted in the same language.

1. Knowledge is generated through the interaction of critical and creative thinking. Evaluate this statement in two areas of knowledge.

2. Compare and contrast knowledge which can be expressed in words/symbols with knowledge that cannot be expressed in this way. Consider CAS and one more area of knowledge.

3. Using history and at least one other area of knowledge, examine the claim that it is possible to attain knowledge despite problems of bias and selection.

4. When should we discard explanations that are intuitively appealing?

5. What is it about theories in the human sciences and natural sciences that makes them convincing?

6. ‘It is more important to discover new ways of thinking about what is already known rather than to discover new data or facts’. To what extent would agree with this claim?

7. ‘The vocabulary we have does more than communicate our knowledge; it shapes what we can know’. Evaluate this claim with references to different areas of knowledge.

8. Analyse the strengths and weaknesses of using faith as a basis for knowledge in religion and in one area of knowledge from the TOK diagram.

9. As an IB student, how has your learning of literature and science contributed to your understanding of individuals and societies?

10. ‘Through different methods of justification, we can reach conclusions in ethics that are as-well supported as those provided in mathematics’. To what extent would you agree?

And the same titles in Spanish:


1. La interacción entre el pensamiento crítico y el creativo genera conociemiento. Evalúe esta afirmación en relación con dos áreas de conocimiento.

2. Compare y contraste el conocimiento que se puede expresar con palabras y con símbolos y el conocimiento que no se puede expresar de estas formas. Considere CAS y una o varias áreas de conocimiento.

3. Examine la afirmación de que es posible adquirir conocimiento a pesar de los problemas de parcialidad y selección en historia y al menos otra área de conocimiento.

4. ¿Cuándo deberíamos descartar explicaciones que son intuitivamente interesantes?

5. ¿Qué es lo que hace que las teorías en las ciencias humanas y las ciencias naturales sean convincentes?

6. 'Es más importante descubrir nuevas formas de pensar sobre lo que ya sabemos que descrubrir nuevos datos o hechos'. ¿En qué medida está de acuerdo con esta afirmación?

7. 'Nuestro vocabulario no solo comunica nuestro conocimiento: da forma a lo que podemos saber'. Evalúe esta afirmación con referencia a diferentes áreas de conocimiento.

8. Analice las fortalezas y limitaciones de utilizar la fe como fundamento para el conocimiento en religión y en un área de conocimiento del diagrama de TdC.

9. Como alumno del IB, ¿cómo ha contribuido su aprendizaje de literatura y ciencias a su comprensión de los individuos y las sociedades?

10. 'Mediante diferentes métodos de justificación, en la ética podemos llegar a conclusiones tan bien fundametades como en las matemáticas'. ¿En qué medida está de acuerdo con esta afirmación?

Tuesday, January 26, 2010

Prescribed Essay Titles 2010-2011

    Here are the TOK essay titles as published on the IB website. Your essay will be marked according to the assessment criteria. Remember to centre your essay on knowledge issues and, where appropriate, refer to other parts of your IB programme and to your experiences as a knower. Always justify your statements and provide relevant examples to illustrate your arguments. Pay attention to the implications of your arguments, and remember to consider what can be said against them. Include a word count and your list of references using the Harvard System.

    Please see my other posts under "writing an essay" for help and advice. Examiners mark essays against the title as set, using the TOK essay criteria. Please make sure you are familiar with the criteria before starting your essay. Respond to the title exactly as given; do not alter it in any way. Your essay must be between 1200 and 1600 words in length. Remember also that your TOK presentation and essay must be submitted in the same language.

      1. Consider the extent to which knowledge issues in ethics are similar to those in at least one other area of knowledge.
      2. How important are the opinions of experts in the search for knowledge?
      3. “Doubt is the key to knowledge” (Persian Proverb). To what extent is this true in two areas of knowledge?
      4. To what extent do we need evidence to support our beliefs in different areas of knowledge?
      5. To what extent are the various areas of knowledge defined by their methodologies rather than their content?
      6. “There are no absolute distinctions between what is true and what is false”. Discuss this claim.
      7. How can we recognise when we have made progress in the search for knowledge? Consider two contrasting areas of knowledge.
      8. “Art is a lie that brings us nearer to the truth” (Pablo Picasso). Evaluate this claim in relation to a specific art form (for example, visual arts, literature, theatre).
      9. Discuss the roles of language and reason in history.
      10. A model is a simplified representation of some aspect of the world. In what ways may models help or hinder the search for knowledge?
      And the same titles in Spanish:
      1. Considere en qué medida las cuestiones de conocimiento en la ética son similares a las de al menos otra área de conocimiento.
      2. ¿Qué importancia tienen las opiniones de los expertos en la búsqueda de conocimiento?
      3. “La duda es la clave del conocimiento” (proverbio persa). ¿En qué medida es esto cierto en dos áreas de conocimiento?
      4. ¿En qué medida es esto cierto en dos áreas de conocimiento? ¿En qué medida necesitamos pruebas para respaldar nuestras creencias en distintas áreas de conocimiento?
      5. ¿En qué medida están las distintas áreas de conocimiento definidas por sus metodologías más que por sus contenidos?
      6. “No hay distinciones absolutas entre lo que es verdadero y lo que es falso”. Discuta esta afirmación.
      7. ¿Cómo podemos reconocer cuándo hemos avanzado en la búsqueda de conocimientos? Considere dos áreas de conocimiento diferentes.
      8. “El arte es una mentira que nos acerca a la verdad” (Pablo Picasso). Evalúe esta afirmación en relación con una forma artística específica (por ejemplo, las artes visuales, la literatura, el teatro).
      9. Discuta las funciones del lenguaje y la razón en la historia.
      10. Un modelo es una representación simplificada de algún aspecto del mundo. ¿De qué maneras pueden los modelos facilitar o perjudicar la búsqueda de conocimientos?